Masson said her pleas to stop were ignored at the Barcelona hospital where she delivered two years ago, and she later complained to authorities. The hospital said doctors took "appropriate measures" during her delivery.
"I thought I was going to die," she said. "For one month after, my belly was blue and purple."
The technique is known as the Kristeller maneuver and was first described in an 1867 German textbook. It is sometimes used during the second stage of labor to assist delivery and avoid a cesarean section when complications arise. But many doctors in developed countries say they have stopped using it because of the potential for broken bones, organ damage, and other complications. The World Health Organization does not recommend the technique.
Yet the procedure is still commonly performed in many European countries, highlighting how once-accepted practices can persist even long after they're considered to be unnecessary or even dangerous.
Europe has some of the world's lowest maternal and infant death rates, and assertions of mistreatment during childbirth are more common in Africa, Asia and Latin America. But the Kristeller maneuver and some other medical practices related to childbirth have come under increasing scrutiny in Europe, including complaints about inadequate anesthesia, surgical incisions during vaginal births and failure to seek patient consent for certain procedures.
"Depending on the act, these practices rise to the level of a human rights violation," said Mindy Roseman, director of a global justice and women's rights program at Yale Law School. "Not obtaining consent from women for medical procedures, not providing pain relief or doing something that's not scientifically justified, that is simply not the standard of care and it's troubling wherever that occurs."
Last year, Croatian lawmaker Ivana Nincevic Lesandric drew attention to the anesthesia issue when she complained to Parliament she did not receive any for an emergency procedure after a miscarriage.
"I don't think I've ever been in (a) much more painful situation in my life," Lesandric said.
In response, the Speaker of the House chastised Lesandric for speaking over her allotted time and for publicly sharing such intimate details, saying it put him in an awkward position.
The Ministry of Health, while not directly commenting on her case, said doctors typically use a local anesthetic for such procedures. Officials suggested there may have been a "misunderstanding" on Lesandric's part regarding the type of anesthesia she received.
Dr. Frederick Mercier, chair of obstetrics for the European Society of Anesthesiology, said general anesthesia is "most often used" in procedures like the one Lesandric had. He said local anesthesia isn't used because "it is less effective."
In the days following her speech to Parliament, a childbirth advocacy group asked for and received hundreds of complaints about medical care from Croatian women. Three U.N. human rights experts, including two from Croatia, later said the responses "showed a pattern of abuse and violence against women undertaking medical procedures."
"I see it as another #MeToo campaign where certain issues were not being seen as human rights violations and were being tolerated," said Ivana Radacic, a Croatian who sits on a panel for the U.N.'s Human Rights Council.
In submissions for a U.N. report presented in October, several European countries or government-appointed experts acknowledged lapses in how informed consent from women during childbirth was obtained. The Czech Republic wrote that women were sometimes given documents to sign "without any explanation or information on the nature or reason for the procedure."
Dr. Ozge Tuncalp, a maternal and reproductive health care expert at WHO, said the U.N. health agency has noted increasing reports of mistreatment by women seeking health care in Europe.
"Some of these things have become common practice and people think this is what they're supposed to do, so it is very difficult to undo," she said.
The WHO says a once common procedure — a surgical incision to enlarge the vagina during childbirth and prevent tears — should not be used in more than about 10% of women and that consent should be mandatory. Yet government figures show rates range from 30% to more than 90% in countries including the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Romania. In France, a 2018 government report estimated that half of women who had the incision weren't told beforehand. In Italy, one survey estimated 61% of women did not consent.
Marta Busquets, a Spanish lawyer, said she asked the two midwives handling her delivery not to make the incision, but that they cut her anyway.
"I felt really humiliated, but it's my word against theirs," she said. The hospital would not comment on her case, but said the procedure should not be performed routinely and that it obtains verbal consent when it is performed.
In October, the Council of Europe passed a resolution on "obstetrical and gynecological violence." Among other recommendations, it called on European member countries to implement laws on informed consent and to create specific reporting and complaint mechanisms, including sanctions for mistreatment.
How often the Kristeller maneuver is used isn't clear since it often isn't included in medical records. Doctors, nurses and midwives in countries including Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain told The Associated Press they see it used on a weekly, if not daily, basis.
A French government report last year estimated it was used in about 22% of births. In Italy, researchers concluded in a 2018 study that the Kristeller technique was documented in medical records only in about 10% of cases.
"The evidence says it's not helpful, it's actually harmful," said the WHO's Tuncalp. "The fact that so many women are getting an intervention that both national and international guidance recommend against, is very worrying."
The technique is prohibited in the U.K., according to Dr. Patrick O'Brien, of Britain's Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. In the United States, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists said they had no guidelines on the Kristeller maneuver because it is not recommended.
"I can't think of any reason you would resort to this," said O'Brien.
Dr. Ligita Jokubkiene of Sweden said she thinks it is still used because many doctors and midwives aren't aware of the dangers. She learned it in medical school but no longer performs it herself.
"If the woman was having bad contractions or if we wanted the delivery to go a bit quicker, it was easier to press on the woman and try to get the baby out fast," she said.
Spain's Ministry of Health instructed health professionals to stop using it in its 2007 guidelines. But in a 2016 evaluation, government officials found it was still being done in about a quarter of women having vaginal births.
Massons and her husband, Toni, remain troubled by the birth of their son Jaume, now 2. Massons was told the technique was needed because her labor had slowed, and because the baby was in a worrying position.
In a letter to Massons that she shared with the AP, Dr. Miquel Gomez, medical director of the private Barcelona hospital where Massons gave birth, wrote that doctors took "appropriate measures."
The ombudsman for the Catalonia region noted the Kristeller technique was "discouraged" but not legally banned.
WHO's Tuncalp said that transforming medical care — and not just guidelines — is very difficult.
"It can take generations of doctors to actually change practices in the labor ward," she said.