The Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York, in a two-to-one ruling, was in favor of ordering "prompt compliance" with the subpoena from the House Financial Services and Intelligence committees.
The subpoena is part of a congressional probe into the president's dealings with Deutsche Bank, which is reportedly under investigation for its role in a money-laundering scheme.
The Second Circuit and the D.C. Circuit have both ruled that Trump's accounting firm must comply with separate subpoenas from the Manhattan district attorney and House investigators.
The president has asked the Supreme Court to intervene in some of those cases.
Jay Sekulow, Trump's personal attorney, tweeted on Tuesday that "we believe the subpoena is invalid as issued."
"In light of the Second Circuit decision, we are evaluating our next options including seeking review at the Supreme Court of the United States," Sekulow added.
Last month, the Supreme Court ordered a temporary stay, meaning Trump's financial records could remain outside the hands of investigators.
U.S. media earlier reported that Deutsche Bank has lent Trump's businesses millions of dollars in the past years and Capital One is among the banks where Trump holds personal accounts.