Health experts say contact tracing is key to containing the virus and allowing places to reopen more safely.

The goal of contact tracing is to alert people who may have been exposed to someone with the coronavirus, and prevent them from spreading it to others. But the process isn't easy.

After a person tests positive for the virus, a contact tracer would get in touch with the person and attempt to determine where they have been and who they were around.

The focus is on close contacts, or people who were within 6 feet of the infected person for at least 10 minutes or so. Those people would then be asked to self-isolate, monitor themselves for symptoms and get tested if needed.

For those showing symptoms, the tracing process would start all over again.

Contact tracing is done in a variety of ways around the world. But a common issue is that determining who a person has been around can get harder as gatherings with friends and family resume, and as bars, restaurants and other places start reopening.

Health officials could also become overwhelmed with cases. In the U.S. for example, local health departments may rely on automated texts to alert people who may have been exposed to an infected person. Health officials prefer to call people if possible because it can help build trust. But some people never return calls or texts.

There’s also pressure to act quickly. Ideally, most of a person’s contacts would be alerted within a day.

Covid-19 patients, who have recovered, could lose their immunity to the disease within months and that the virus could reinfect people year after year, like common colds, scientists say.

The study examined more than 90 patients and healthcare workers at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS foundation trust and found levels of antibodies that can destroy the virus peaked about three weeks after the onset of symptoms then swiftly declined, reports The Guardian.

Besides, 60 percent of people marshalled a “potent” antibody response at the height of their battle with the virus, said the study after conducting their blood test. Only 17 percent retained the same potency three months later.

Antibody levels fell as much as 23-fold over the period. In some cases, they became undetectable, the study showed.

Dr Katie Doores, lead authoron the study at King’s College London, said that people are producing a reasonable antibody response to the virus, but it’s waning over a short period of time and "depending on how high your peak is, that determines how long the antibodies are staying around".

Researchers say the study has implications for the development of a vaccine, and for the pursuit of “herd immunity” in the community over time.

The immune system has multiple ways to fight the coronavirus but if antibodies are the main line of defence, the findings suggested people could become reinfected in seasonal waves and that vaccines may not protect them for long.

“Infection tends to give you the best-case scenario for an antibody response, so if your infection is giving you antibody levels that wane in two to three months, the vaccine will potentially do the same thing,” said Doores. “People may need boosting and one shot might not be sufficient."

Early results from the University of Oxford have shown that the coronavirus vaccine it is developing produces lower levels of antibodies in macaques than are seen in humans infected with the virus. While the vaccine appeared to protect the animals from serious infection, they still became infected and may have been able to pass on the virus.

Prof Robin Shattock of Imperial College London, said there was no certainty any of the vaccines in development would work, and noted that it is still unclear what kind of immune response is needed to prevent infection.

The King’s College study is the first to have monitored antibody levels in patients and hospital workers for three months after symptoms emerged. The scientists drew on test results from 65 patients and six healthcare workers who tested positive for the virus, and a further 31 staff who volunteered to have regular antibody tests between March and June.

The study, which has been submitted to a journal but has yet to be peer-reviewed, found that antibody levels rose higher and lasted longer in patients who were severe cases. This may be because the patients have more virus and churn out more antibodies to fight the infection.

There are four other types of coronavirus in widespread circulation, which cause the common cold. “One thing we know about these coronaviruses is that people can get reinfected fairly often,” said Prof Stuart Neil, a co-author on the study. “What that must mean is that the protective immunity people generate doesn’t last very long. It looks like Sars-Cov-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, might be falling into that pattern as well.”

Prof Jonathan Heeney, a virologist at the University of Cambridge, said the study confirmed a growing body of evidence that immunity to Covid-19 is short-lived. “Most importantly, it puts another nail in the coffin of the dangerous concept of herd immunity,” he said.

Prof Arne Akbar, an immunologist at UCL, said antibodies are only part of the story. There is growing evidence, he said, that T cells produced to fight common colds can protect people as well. Those patients who fight the virus with T cells may not need to churn out high levels of antibodies, he added.

Many of us love to start the day with a cup of steaming tea. But have you ever thought about what benefit you can get from drinking tea? As a refreshing beverage, teas can be prepared in diverse ways. Not all kinds of teas can provide the same benefit to your health. Masala tea is one of the most beneficial organic teas that offer multifaceted benefits for the human body. Read this article to know what happens to your body, if you drink Masala Tea every day.

Health Benefits of Masala Tea

Removes Cold, Flu and Nasal Clogging

Masala Tea has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties which can strengthen your immune system to prevent the symptoms of flu and colds. If you add spices like clove, elaichi, cinnamon, and ginger to you masala tea, the combination can help your body to fight against cough and nasal congestion. Taking at least two cups of masala tea every day can both keep you away from catching a cold and help to recover sooner. To get the best effect try to drink hot masala tea.​​​​​​

Read Easy Homemade Summer Drinks to Beat the Heat and Increase Immunity.

Anti-inflammatory Properties

Depending on personal preference, Masala tea can be prepared to combine a handful of spices like tulsi, cinnamon, elaichi, clove, ginger, etc. Every spice offers some special health benefits to the human body. When you drink a cup of steaming Masala tea, the combined benefits passed by all spices contribute to lessening inflammation and leaving a soothing effect on the body.

For instance, Ginger can control inflammation by preventing the formation of prostaglandins – inflammation-inducing catalyst – in your body. Moreover, Clove is enriched with an anti-inflammatory compound called 'eugenol' that may alleviate inflammation in your muscles. When you drink Masala tea, these spices can serve as potential painkillers.

Improves Metabolism and Digestion

Tea is highly acidic by nature. When you add ginger as an ingredient, it neutralizes the natural acidic effect of tea. Adding other spices like clove, elaichi, and tulsi can improve your digestion process by escalating the process of saliva production.

Read Coronavirus Tips: Immunity Booster Herbal Teas to Prevent Infection

The combined effect of these spices helps peristalsis which induces the movement of ingested food down your digestive tract. If you drink masala tea regularly, your entire digestion system can get better, which would increase the metabolism power of your body.

By improving digestion power, masala tea can help your body to prevent the accumulation of excess air or water into the stomach. This reduces the feelings of bloating or gassiness. Regular consumption of masala tea can help you in shedding some extra pounds. If you are obese, try masala tea for weight loss.

Read Vitamin C: Where to Found and How Much to Consume

Drives Away Fatigue

When you feel exhausted after long hours of work, have a hot cup of Masala tea to boost up your energy. Masala tea is rich in 'Tannins' which helps to revitalize your body. Adding to this, Masal tea contains a small portion of 'caffeine' that can improve your alertness by stimulating the central nervous system. When you drink Masala tea the united effect of 'tannins' and 'caffeine' can remove fatigue and heighten your energy level within a few moments.

Controls Blood Pressure

If you are experiencing high blood pressure issues, masala tea may offer you natural remedies. 'Black tea', the main ingredient of masala tea owns strong anti-oxidant properties. The dilating effect of 'tannins' on blood can regulate your heart rate and blood pressure.

The process of plaque formation on the blood vessels may cause arterial blockages leading to heart diseases. When you put spices including 'clove' and 'elaichi' to your masala tea, these constituents prevent the process of plaque storage by reducing bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol in your body. Thus, regular consumption of masala tea can keep your heart healthy!

Prevents and Controls Diabetes

The spice ingredients of masala tea can minimize the risk of diabetes. For instance, Spices like elaichi, clove, cinnamon, etc can augment the insulin sensitivity of your body. When you take Masala tea every day, your body gets equipped in handling sugars in a more effective way. Thus, Masala tea can lower your blood sugar levels and prevent/control diabetes in a natural way.

Read Zinc: Health Benefits, Food Sources and Daily Requirements

Boosts Immunity and Prevents Cancer

When you create the habit of drinking Masala tea every day, it can improve your immune system. The spice ingredients like clove and cinnamon can reinforce your immunity against infections. The cinnamon can keep your memory sharp preventing diseases like Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, the clove can help your body to make the best out of sugars.

You may know that the Cancerous cells are formed in the body when rebel cells get multiplied in a huge number and damage other healthy cells. Spices like ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, etc are enriched with cancer-preventing properties. The antioxidizing properties of these spices can help your immune system in preventing cancer. When you drink Masala tea on a regular basis, your immune system can stay alert against antigens and cancerous cells.

Read Honey Benefits: What Happens to Your Body When You Consume Honey.

Side effects of Masala Tea

Though Masala tea offers numerous health benefits, it should be consumed in moderate amount. As a base of Masala tea, each cup (240 ml) should contain no more than 25mg of caffeine. Consuming more than 400mg of caffeine per day can be harmful to any individual. During pregnancy, the amount of caffeine-intake must not cross 200 mg per day. If consumed in excess amounts, caffeine can cause health issues like nausea and restlessness.

Masala tea is made with a number of spices. Some of these herbs like fennel, star anise, licorice root, etc can create a hormonal imbalance in the body during pregnancy. It would be better for pregnant mothers to avoid this beverage.

---

 

Apart from damaging lungs, coronavirus also affects kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract, a medical team of Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City said in a new report.

The medical team of the center in New York came up with the information in a review report published in the Nature Medicine journal.

Columbia University Irving Medical Center was flooded with patients that provided the medical team some real experiences. However, they collected reports from other medical teams around the world in this regard, they said.

The review by the doctors shows that the coronavirus attacks virtually every major system in the human body, directly damaging organs and causing the blood to clot, the heart to lose its healthy rhythm, the kidneys to shed blood and protein and the skin to erupt in rashes.

It also causes headaches, dizziness, muscle aches, stomach pain and other symptoms along with classic respiratory symptoms like coughing and fever.

Dr. Aakriti Gupta, a cardiology fellow at Columbia who worked on the review, in a statement, said, "Physicians need to think of COVID-19 as a multisystem disease."

"There's a lot of news about clotting but it's also important to understand that a substantial proportion of these patients suffer kidney, heart, and brain damage, and physicians need to treat those conditions along with the respiratory disease," she added.

According to the report, much of the damages wrought by the virus appear to come because of its affinity for a receptor — a kind of molecular doorway into cells — called ACE2.

Cells lining the blood vessels, in the kidneys, the liver ducts, the pancreas, in the intestinal tract and lining the respiratory tract all are covered with ACE2 receptors, which the virus can use to grapple and infect cells, the medical team said.

The medial team also wrote that "These findings suggest that multiple-organ injury may occur at least in part due to direct viral tissue damage."

The report also said the coronavirus infection also activates the immune system. Part of that response includes the production of inflammatory proteins called cytokines.

This inflammation can damage cells and organs and the so-called cytokine storm is one of the causes of severe symptoms, it said.

Dr. Mahesh Madhavan, another cardiology fellow, said, "This virus is unusual and it's hard not to take a step back and not be impressed by how many manifestations it has on the human body."

The researchers said blood clotting effects appear to be caused by several different mechanisms: direct damage of the cells lining the blood vessels and interference with the various clotting mechanisms in the blood itself.

Low blood oxygen caused by pneumonia can make the blood more likely to clot, they said adding that these clots can cause strokes and heart attacks or can lodge in the lungs or legs.

The researchers wrote that the virus affects the immune system, depleting the T-cells the body usually deploys to fight off viral infections. "Lymphopenia, a marker of impaired cellular immunity, is a cardinal laboratory finding reported in 67-90% of patients with COVID-19.”

Read Also: Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19

“The Most Magical Place on Earth” is reopening after nearly four months  although a huge surge of Floridians have tested positive for the new coronavirus in recent weeks .

Walt Disney World’s Magic Kingdom and Animal Kingdom are reopening Saturday, while Epcot and Disney’s Hollywood Studios will follow four days later.

Many cities and counties around the state have recently reinstated restrictions that had been lifted in May, when cases seemed to drop.

All of Disney's Orlando parks closed in mid-March in an effort to stop the virus’s spread. Universal Orlando and SeaWorld Orlando closed around the same time but reopened several weeks ago after instituting similar rules to protect employees and customers from the virus.

Disney's new rules include mandatory masks and social distancing. Visitors will need reservations to enter a park, and they won't be allowed to hop between parks. Both visitors and employees will receive temperature checks when they enter. Fireworks shows and parades have been suspended to prevent drawing too many people together.

Disney has been opening its parks back up around the globe for the past two months. In May, the company opened Disney Springs, a complex of shops, restaurants and entertainment venues in Lake Buena Vista.