Amid the pandemic, governments delayed trials, restricted visitors and also disregarded the increased health risks in prisons -- not to mention that at least two journalists died after contracting Covid in custody, the watchdog said in its latest survey report released on Tuesday.

In its report, CPJ found at least 274 journalists in jail in relation to their work on December 1, 2020, exceeding the high of 272 in 2016. China, which arrested several journalists for their coverage of the pandemic, was the world’s worst jailer for the second year in a row.

China was followed by Turkey, which continues to try journalists free on parole and arrest new ones; Egypt, which went to great lengths to keep the custody of even those journalists not convicted of any crime; and Saudi Arabia. Countries where the number of jailed scribes rose significantly include Belarus, where mass protests have ensued over the disputed re-election of the long-time president, and Ethiopia, where political unrest has degenerated into an armed conflict.

This marks the fifth consecutive year that repressive governments have imprisoned at least 250 journalists. Lack of global leadership on democratic values – particularly from the United States, where President Donald Trump has inexhaustibly denigrated the press and cozied up to dictators such as Egyptian President Abdelfattah el-Sisi – has perpetuated the crisis, according to the watchdog.

As authoritarians leveraged Trump’s “fake news” rhetoric to justify their actions – particularly in Egypt – the number of journalists jailed on “false news” charges steadily increased. This year, 34 journalists were jailed for spreading “false news,” compared with 31 last year.

Within the United States, no journalists have been jailed, an unprecedented 110 journalists were either arrested or criminally charged in 2020, and around 300 have been assaulted, the majority by law enforcement agencies, according to the US Press Freedom Tracker.

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At least 12 still face criminal charges, some of which carry jail terms. Observers told CPJ that the polarised political climate, militarised law enforcement, and vitriol towards the media combined during a wave of protests to eradicate norms that once afforded journalists police protection. 

CPJ has published recommendations to the incoming administration of President-elect Joe Biden for restoring US press freedom leadership globally, which include ensuring accountability for the domestic attacks on journalists as well as instructing diplomats abroad to attend trials of journalists and speak out in support of independent media. CPJ found the lack of trust in media in the U.S. to be particularly dangerous during the global pandemic.

In China for instance, many of the 47 prisoners are serving long sentences, or are jailed in Xinjiang province without any charge disclosed. As the coronavirus ravaged the city of Wuhan in Hubei province earlier this year, authorities arrested several journalists for coverage that threatened the official narrative of Beijing’s response. 

The three still languishing in prison include independent video journalist Zhang Zhan, who began posting reports from Wuhan on Twitter and YouTube in early February and was arrested on May 14. Her videos include interviews with local business owners and workers on the impact of COVID-19 and the government’s response to it.

Zhang Zhan was one of dozens in CPJ’s global census who relied heavily on social media – platforms to which journalists especially turn to when all other outlets are heavily censored or controlled by the state. Her videos are likely still available to a global audience because they are hosted by companies outside China. 

But CPJ found that similar content produced by others who were later jailed, had been taken down for reasons that were not clear, hindering research and underscoring longstanding concerns about transparency by global tech giants like Google, Twitter, and Facebook.

Also in China, diplomatic spats appeared to put foreign media in increased peril, in a year where more than a dozen journalists working for U.S. publications on the mainland were expelled. Australian citizen Cheng Lei, a business news anchor for state-run broadcaster China Global Television Network, was arrested in August for allegedly endangering national security amid tension between China and Australia, making her the second Australian journalist in custody after blogger Yang Hengium, who has been held on espionage charges since January 2019.

Egyptian authorities, meanwhile, intensified their spree of arrests, charges, and indefinite renewals of pre-trial detention, bringing the number of journalists in jail to 27, matching a record set in 2016. In November alone, prosecutors slapped new terrorism charges on photographer Sayed Abd Ellah and blogger Mohamed “Oxygen” Ibrahim to get around a court order that they be released. Since April 2019, Egyptian authorities have used similar tactics to extend the detentions of at least eight other journalists, CPJ has documented.

This year, the crackdown in Egypt appeared to proceed sometimes because of, and sometimes in spite of, the pandemic; and in one case, the action of authorities were fatal. At least three journalists were arrested for their work on Covid, such as criticising a lack of state media coverage of doctors and nurses who contracted the illness. The Ministry of Interior banned visitors, including family members and lawyers, from visiting prisons from early March to mid-August, citing the virus.

Yet Egyptian state security officers arrested Sayed Shehta on August 30 from his home in Giza, where he was self-quarantining after being diagnosed with Covid; he passed out at the police station, and then was taken to a hospital, where he was handcuffed to his bed in the intensive care unit. 

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Mohamed Monir Suffered met the worst fate. The veteran journalist was arrested on June 15 on charges of joining a terrorist group, spreading false news, and misusing social media, after criticising the government’s handling of the pandemic, including in a May 26 interview and Jun 14 column on Al-Jazeera. Monir fell ill while in Cairo’s Tora Prison, was released on July 2, and died nine days later at a Giza hospital of complications from coronavirus.

Worldwide, at least one other journalist died after contracting the virus in custody. Honduran journalist David Romero – director of Radio Globo and Globo TV, who was serving a 10-year sentence for defaming a former prosecutor – died on July 18 after contracting Covid while imprisoned at a facility in Támara, near the capital, Tegucigalpa. The risk of exposure to the virus in prisons prompted CPJ to join with 190 other groups to urge world leaders to release all journalists jailed for their work in the #FreeThePress campaign.

International Press Freedom Awardee Azimjon Askarov also died in prison in 2020, following years of campaigning for Kyrgyz authorities to release him by the U.N. Human Rights Committee, CPJ, and other advocacy groups. Askarov was sentenced to life in jail on fabricated charges, in retaliation to his exposure of police abuse.

The journalist’s wife, Khadicha Askarova, told CPJ that Askarov had been unable to walk and had a fever for weeks prior to his death, and she suspected he had contracted Covid but the prison administration did not subject him to test.

Elsewhere in Europe and Central Asia, journalists were caught up in Belarus unrest; President Aleksandr Lukashenko claimed victory for a sixth term in an election widely seen as fraudulent, sparking mass protests. Authorities arrested dozens of journalists, sentencing many while imposing fines on others. As of December 1, at least 10 journalists were jailed in Belarus; they were the first listed on CPJ’s census in that country since 2014.

Political unrest, in this case leading to armed conflict, also led authorities to round up journalists in Ethiopia; at least seven were jailed there, compared with one a year earlier. Most of them are accused of anti-state crimes, yet authorities have repeatedly extended their detention in order to investigate, without producing evidence.

In Turkey, where every journalist jailed faces anti-state accusations, the number in prison has declined since a surge in 2016, a year that saw a failed coup attempt in July. As outlet shutdowns, takeovers by pro-government businessmen and judicial hostility have effectively eradicated mainstream media, Turkey has allowed more journalists to await trial outside prisons. 

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CPJ found 37 journalists were imprisoned this year, less than half than in 2016, but authorities continue to arrest journalists — and their lawyers. Because of Covid, judicial proceedings were suspended for three months in 2020, prolonging prison stays for those in custody and anxiety for those free pending trial.

In the weeks leading up to CPJ’s census, Turkish authorities arrested at least three journalists working for pro-Kurdish outlet Mezopotamya News Agency for their critical coverage, including Cemil Uğur, who alleged in a story that military personnel detained and tortured two villagers and threw them from a helicopter; one later died. (Turkish officials said the civilians were injured resisting arrest).

In Iran, 15 journalists were imprisoned on December 1. On December 12, authorities executed one of them, Roohollah Zam, on 17 charges including espionage, spreading false news abroad, and insulting Islamic values and the supreme leader. Zam’s website and Telegram channel and Amad News had reported critically on Iranian officials and shared the timings and locations of protests in 2017. He was detained in 2019 in Baghdad, Iraq, and taken to Iran, where he was sentenced to death.

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Other findings from CPJ’s annual census include

Two-thirds of journalists in jail are charged with anti-state crimes such as terrorism or membership in banned groups. No charges have been disclosed in 19% of cases; more than half of those 53 journalists are in Eritrea or Saudi Arabia.

Nearly all journalists jailed worldwide are locals covering their own country. CPJ found at least seven with foreign or dual nationality, imprisoned in China, Eritrea, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Thirty-six journalists, or 13%, are female. Some covered women’s rights in Iran or Saudi Arabia, while several were arrested covering protests in Belarus.

Each year, CPJ’s census results in minor adjustments to published data, as CPJ learns of arrests, releases, or deaths in prison that occurred in previous years. This year, CPJ learned of the deaths in August 2019 of Samuel Wazizi in Cameroon and of Jihad Jamal in 2016 in Syria. 

However, in the course of 2020 prison research, CPJ found three prisoners who had been jailed in 2018 or 2019 without the organisation’s knowledge. Accordingly, the number of journalists listed on the 2019 prison census is now 251, compared with 250 originally published, while previous years have minor adjustments. Jamal’s death led to a downward revision of the 2016 total from 273 – the previous record high – to 272.

Methodology

The prison census accounts only for journalists in government custody and does not include those who have disappeared or are held captive by non-state actors. These cases are classified as “missing” or “abducted”.

CPJ defines journalists as people who cover the news or comment on public affairs in any media, including print, photographs, radio, television, and online. In its annual prison census, CPJ includes only those journalists who it has confirmed have been imprisoned in relation to their work.

CPJ believes that journalists should not be imprisoned for doing their jobs. In the past year, CPJ advocacy helped in the early release of at least 75 imprisoned journalists worldwide.

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