Almost a year since the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UN has appealed for $5.6 billion to help millions of people affected inside the war-torn country and beyond.

The situation for many in Ukraine remains desperate, amid “relentless” shelling of civilian targets and infrastructure, UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Martin Griffiths, told the media Wednesday in Geneva.

Humanitarian funding is needed to continue supporting lifesaving aid convoy deliveries to communities on the front line, “into areas of great danger and difficulty and priority needs,” said Griffiths, who heads the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

To continue doing the lifesaving work, the OCHA chief appealed for $3.9 billion to help 11.1 million of the 18 million people who need humanitarian assistance inside Ukraine. Officially called the Humanitarian Response Plan for Ukraine, it brings together more than 650 partners, the majority of them Ukrainian organisations.

In parallel with the OCHA appeal, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) is also seeking $1.7 billion to help Ukrainian refugees in 10 host countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.

UNHCR High Commissioner Filippo Grandi said: “I think we’re becoming a little bit used to this; we shouldn’t, because it’s quite appalling what the Russian invasion is doing to the country,” he said.

“Refugees from the conflict have every intention of returning to Ukraine at some point. But until that happens, Tuesday’s Refugee Response Plan appeal will continue to help millions of refugees and hundreds of UN partners on the ground.”

In particular, funding will support health and nutrition services, education, livelihoods and temporary protection, the high commissioner said.

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“The Ukraine refugee crisis – displacement crisis – remains the largest in the world, clearly,” he added. “Almost six million estimated internally displaced people. Plus, you know, the refugees in Europe who have registered for temporary protection are close to five million now, 4.8 million. But we know that there's many more that have not.”

Amid reports that violence is escalating in the east, the latest UN estimates indicated that more than 7,000 civilians have been killed in Ukraine in the last year, with 12,000 injured. “This is almost certainly a low estimate,” Griffiths said.

Asked about UN-led efforts to secure an extension of a deal to delivery of fertilisers and foodstuffs from Ukraine and Russia to the many countries that need them all over the world, the aid official said: “The Global South and international food security needs that operation to continue.”

More than 21.3 million tonnes of corn, wheat, oil and other comestibles have been shipped across the Black Sea, as part of the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which should be allowed to continue, the UN emergency relief coordinator added. “We don’t need it stopped in the middle of March and I hope – I hope and believe, actually – that it will be extended. And that is because it is an obvious case for international humanitarian security.”

Inside Ukraine, the UN migration agency, IOM, said the scale of destruction in the south and east has been massive – so much so, that one senior UN humanitarian worker with the agency told UN News that some towns “don’t even exist anymore.”

“We see heavy fighting on both sides (of the contact line),” said IOM Area Manager Johannes Fromholt, who described how some locations were “filled with military personnel, military equipment.”

Amid an uptick in violence in the east, Fromholt said some civilians have managed to flee from Donetsk oblast to the more central town of Znamyanka, where IOM is helping to repair collective shelters for new arrivals.

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For those unable to leave, the situation remains dire.

“In frontline locations (the conflict is) actually getting worse, with increased fighting on a day-to-day basis,” the IOM worker said. “So, people simply have to stay down in the basements into shelters where of course, it’s cold. There’s no electricity in these frontline locations.”