The history of the Bengali Calendar holds a vital place in the Bengali culture in both Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. In both words and numbers, this timekeeper tells a tale of change that goes back centuries. This article looks at where it started, its journey through history, and the ways it transformed to become what it is today. Let’s uncover the captivating story of how the Bengali Calendar began, influenced cultures, and still marks important times today. Historical Evolution of the Bengali Calendar The origins of the Bengali calendar can be traced back to ancient Hindu calendar systems and the practice of timekeeping in the Indian subcontinent. Jyotisha, one of the six ancient Vedangas, focused on observing and predicting celestial movements to track time accurately. Within this context, the Hindu Vikrami calendar, named after King Vikramaditya and starting from 57 BCE, played a role in shaping timekeeping practices. In rural Bengali communities, the Bengali calendar, credited to "Bikromaditto," held significance. Various dynasties that held sway over Bengal prior to the 13th century used the Vikrami calendar. Buddhist texts and inscriptions from the Pala Empire era referenced months such as Ashvin. They align with Sanskrit texts from different regions of the Indian subcontinent. Read more: Top 10 Historic Places, Landmarks in Dhaka Hindu scholars engaged in rigorous calculations to track the cycles of celestial bodies. Sanskrit astronomical texts, spanning centuries, contributed to this effort. The works of Aryabhata, Latadeva, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Lalla presented calculations of planetary motions and characteristics. Surya Siddhanta, with a completion date ranging up to the 10th century, contained vital insights into solar calculations. The foundation of the current Bengali calendar, as used in Indian states like West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Jharkhand, can be traced back to the Sanskrit text Surya Siddhanta. Modifications introduced during the reign of Shashanka, the first independent ruler of Gauda, enriched this version. The calendar's historical connection to Shashanka's ascension to sovereignty corresponds with the inception of the Bangabda era. This calendar retains the original Sanskrit month names, with Baishakh as the first month. This anchored it to the Hindu calendar system and governed the timing of Bengali Hindu festivals. Additionally, it's theorized that Alauddin Husain Shah, a Hussain Shahi Sultan of Bengal, might have amalgamated the lunar Islamic calendar with the solar calendar. Alternatively, the calendar could have originated from Emperor Shashanka or Nawab Murshid Quli Khan's fiscal policies during Mughal rule. In the Mughal period, land taxes were collected from the Bengali populace based on the Islamic Hijri calendar, which followed a lunar cycle. This misalignment with the solar agricultural cycle, prompting the need for calendar reform. Mughal Emperor Akbar took up the task, commissioning the creation of a new calendar that integrated elements from both the lunar Islamic and solar Hindu calendars. The resultant "Fasholi shan," or harvest calendar, marked the potential starting point of the Bengali calendar. Read more: 100 Years of Rocket Paddle Steamer: A Pride and Heritage of Bangladesh Development and Transformation of the Bengali Calendar The "Tarikh-e-Elahi" calendar, introduced during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, represents a pivotal juncture in the evolution of the Bengali calendar. This hybrid calendar was a testament to Akbar's innovative governance approach, aiming to harmonize administrative and fiscal needs with agricultural cycles. By blending elements of the lunar Islamic calendar and the solar Hindu calendar, the "Tarikh-e-Elahi" sought to create a functional timekeeping tool that addressed diverse societal requirements. Notably, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's reign brought further refinement to the calendar. His adjustments, which included a seven-day week commencing on Sunday and the synchronization of month names with the Saka calendar, laid the groundwork for the calendar's continued relevance. These modifications not only facilitated tax collection but also transformed the calendar into a cultural reference point for the people of Bengal. Read more: Ukraine: UNESCO World Heritage Sites Recent Changes and Revisions in the Bengali Calendar Recent times have witnessed efforts to modernize and enhance the Bengali calendar's accuracy and functionality. In 2018, Bangladesh embarked on a calendar reform aimed at aligning national days with Western dates. This endeavor resulted in adjustments that included the shifting of Kartik's start and a corresponding delay in the Hemanta season. These modifications illustrate the calendar's responsiveness to contemporary needs and its ongoing relevance. Presently, the year is designated as 1426 in the Bengali calendar. The realignment of national days is a noteworthy outcome of the reform. Key observances such as the Language Martyrs' Day, Independence Day, and Victory Day, commemorated on 21 February, 26 March, and 16 December respectively, will consistently fall on Falgun 8, Chaitra 12, and Poush 1 of the Bengali calendar for the next century. This adjustment ensures that cultural and historical commemorations remain consistent and synchronized. Read more: What Was Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Childhood Like? Historical Attempts at Calendar Reform The history of the Bengali calendar is punctuated by notable attempts at reform. Dr. Meghnad Saha's and Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah's efforts in the 1950s and 1963 respectively mark crucial steps towards enhancing the calendar's accuracy and functionality. These initiatives laid the foundation for subsequent improvements and demonstrated a commitment to scientific precision. In 1957, the introduction of the National Calendar in India marked a significant stride in standardizing calendars. This calendar, which amalgamated elements from the Surya Siddhanta and underwent substantial modifications, exemplified the ongoing quest for precision. While not extensively adopted outside official circles, it underscored the importance of regional calendars in cultural and administrative contexts. Read more: Top 10 Historical Mosques in Bangladesh Implementation of Calendar Reform in Bangladesh Bangladesh's journey towards calendar reform gained momentum in 1987. The decision to adopt a more accurate and internationally aligned calendar underscored the country's commitment to modernization and synchronization with global standards. This reform initiative aimed to rectify historical inconsistencies and align the calendar with contemporary expectations. To address these concerns, committees were formed in 1995 and 2015, comprising experts in linguistics, mathematics, physics, and culture. The recommendations of these committees aimed to refine the calendar's accuracy and structure. Proposals such as designating Falgun as a leap-year month and adjusting month lengths were key components of these reform efforts, which sought to blend scientific precision with cultural significance. The culmination of these endeavors resulted in the official preparation of the calendar in 2019. This modernized calendar, rooted in historical heritage yet adapted for the present, serves as a symbol of the nation's commitment to accuracy and cultural continuity. Bottom Line The history of the Bengali Calendar is a captivating journey through time. From its inception to modern reforms, it has remained a crucial aspect of the Bengal region's cultural identity. As the calendar continues to evolve, its resilience and adaptability reflect its enduring significance in shaping the rhythm of life for people across generations. Read more: Top 15 Heritage Sites of Bangladesh

The Bangla language has always been at the forefront of our national identity. Amar Ekushey Boi Mela (Book Fair) is a significant part of Bangladesh’s history, culture and literature. Every year, the book fair is held in the month of February. It is the biggest book fair in the country where publishers display and sell printed books under diverse categories. This fair offers great opportunities for the readers to meet their favourite writers, poets, novelists, and publishers face-to-face. Besides serving as a platform to encourage readers to read and buy books, the Boi Mela also works as a monthlong cultural hub – showcasing the diversity of Bangladesh. Let’s look into the history of the Amar Ekushey Boi Mela. CHITTARANJAN SAHA: STARTING BOI MELA FROM A MAT AT BANGLA ACADEMY PREMISES   Chittaranjan Saha was born in the Noakhali district in 1927. His publishing house Punthighar Prokashoni, located at Banglabazar in Dhaka, was burnt down in 1971. Chittaranjan Saha left Dhaka after March 26. He took shelter in Agartala and then moved to Calcutta (Kolkata) during the Liberation War. During the Liberation War, many prominent writers, artists, and journalists from Bangladesh had to stay in Calcutta as refugees. During that period, Chittaranjan arranged a meeting with some of the most prominent litterateurs residing in Calcutta. They decided to write and publish about the injustice and war in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan). Thus, Muktodhara was born. In February, 1972, Chittaranjan Saha laid a mat under the tree in front of the Bangla Academy building and put on display about 32 (33 according to some sources) books as a homage to the Language Movement martyrs of 1952. Though Chittaranjan Saha initiated the Boi Mela from a humble beginning, according to some sources, he was not the first person who started selling books at Bangla Academy premises in February. Ruhul Amin Nizami of Standard Publishers started displaying Russian books. Those books were very popular at that time for their rich content and affordable prices. Read More: Ekushey Book Fair to span entire February again after two years HISTORY BEHIND THE FIRST BOOK FAIR IN BANGLADESH Though Chittaranjan Saha is recognised as the initiator of Ekushey Boi Mela, the root of the book fair goes deeper. The first book fair in then East Pakistan was held in 1965. The initiative was taken by Sardar Jainuddin, who was born in 1918 in Pabna. In 1965, he started displaying some children’s books on the ground floor of the Dhaka University Library. At that time, he was working on a project for UNESCO regarding children’s books. In 1970, Jainuddin organised a book fair in Narayanganj in association with Narayanganj Club. As UNESCO declared 1972 the ‘International Book Year’, in December, Jainuddin took initiative to arrange a book fair inside Bangla Academy. Since then, Bangla Academy got directly involved with book fair events. Read More: Bangabandhu Memorial Museum: Witness to History and Tragedy THE JOURNEY OF EKUSHEY BOI MELA Chittaranjan Saha continued putting books on display and selling them at the Bangla Academy premises for a few more years. In 1976, getting inspired by this idea of selling books, other publishers came together and joined in. Bangla Academy merged with this initiative in 1978. Ashraf Siddiqui was the director general of Bangla Academy at that time, and he had an active role in the association of academy with the book fair. Bangla Academy’s association took Boi Mela to another level. In 1979, a book fair was held at the courtyard of Bangla Academy with the collaboration of ‘Bangladesh Pustok Bikreta O Prokashok Samity’ (founded by Chittaranjan Saha) and the Bangla Academy authority. Read More: Top Sculptures in Dhaka City

Thirteen foreign personalities have completed visiting different places to observe the history, tradition, art, culture and socio-economic development in Bangladesh under the “Visit Bangladesh 2022” programme. They were from 11 countries – Algeria, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Oman, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Vietnam, according to a media statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.   Following the visit, they also pledged to project a positive image of Bangladesh through their writings for the expansion of trade and investment with Bangladesh. Read more: Visiting foreign personalities to become Bangladesh’s goodwill envoys, ministry hopes They also expressed their gratitude regarding the hospitality of Bangladesh. The six-day programme, under the supervision of the public diplomacy wing of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, began on December 15 with separate meetings with Foreign Minister AK Abdul Momen and State Minister for Foreign Affairs Shahriar Alam. They briefed the participants on the evolution of independent Bangladesh, Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, foreign policy priorities, economic progress and development, role of free media, and the Rohingya issue.

The High Court (HC) on Wednesday summoned the chair of the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) and a member of the institution to appear before it on November 29 to explain mistakes and distortions of history in textbooks for secondary and higher education. The High Court bench of Justice Ashraful Kamal and Justice Md Shohrowardi gave the order following a supplementary petition filed by Md Alamgir Alam, a guardian of a student of Viqarunnisa Noon School and College. Read more: Defaming PM: Chamber Judge stays bail to Rajbari Mahila Dal leader Lawyer Ali Mustafa Khan represented the petitioner in the court while Deputy Attorney General Barrister Kazi Mainul Hasan represented the state. Alamgir filed a writ petition last year, pointing out at least 500 mistakes and distortions of history in various textbooks for secondary and higher education. After that, on September 26, the court summoned the NCTB chair and a member of the institution to explain mistakes and distortions of history in the textbooks. Also, it issued a rule questioning asked to explain why their failure to prevent distortions of history in the books would not be declared illegal. The education secretary, NCTB chair, its member (curriculum), and NCTB secretary were made respondents to the rule. Read more: Pirojpur PP apologises for misbehaving with chief judicial magistrate The court also asked the respondents to explain why they would not be directed to amend the distortions in the books. Mustafa said: "The NCTB chair and a member appeared before the court last year and said there would be no such errors in the textbooks of the academic year 2022. As most of the mistakes remain, they were summoned to appear before the court next Tuesday."