Around 62% of people had lost their jobs during April-May 2020 when the "general holiday" was put in place to face the first wave of Covid-19. Subsequently only 15% could get a job the following month, while 85% remained unemployed for a longer period, according to a survey by the Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD). Almost all of these people were able to find a job by February 2021 when the adverse impact of the first wave started to recede. The study did not capture the second wave of the pandemic. Most of the 'incremental employment' was generated in the agriculture sector, where the share of the labour force increased from 24.3% to 27.5%. At the same time, a significant number of people left the services sector, as its share of the labour force declined from 55% to 52%. For the industrial sector it remained unchanged at just above 20%. Self-employed, contributing family members and day labourers have contributed to about 90% of the incremental jobs, indicating a substitution of formal by informal sector employment. Also read: CPD: Next budget should stress health, social safety Although people could find employment, they are working for a lower number of hours, on average, particularly in the agriculture sector, followed by the industry sector. The average monthly income of individuals eroded by 11.3%. The decline in income has pushed a significant number of people into lower-income groups – indicating a higher poverty incidence. At the same time income inequality increased.  More than 40% of the employed population reported that their employment situation was worse than the pre-COVID-19 period.

Financial hardships resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic forced 80.6% households to cut down food expenses, a survey has found. The Citizen’s Platform for SDGs, Bangladesh unveiled the findings of ‘Marginalised Communities in Bangladesh Dealing with Pandemic Fallouts Findings from a Household Saurvey’ in a webinar on Thursday. Some 47.2% households reduced the number of protein items and 37.7% cut down the number of items in meals, the survey found. It found 78.8% households experienced financial hardship due to COVID-19. Also read: Spectre of panic buying returns to kitchen markets ahead of lockdown Of them, 75% are in char, 71% in haor, 86% in coastal, 87.3% in slum, 67% in dalit, 67.7% in indigenous, 88.1% in PWD, 76% in Female HHH, 63.4% in migrant and 93.2% in MSME. The study conducted by the platform is based on information collected through face-to-face survey of about 1,600 households across Bangladesh. It was conducted in February 2021 and covered 10 marginalised groups, including households from char, haor and coastal areas, slum, dalit, indigenous, persons with disabilities, migrant, micro, small and medium enterprises. ‘Debt trap awaits’ The marginalised and vulnerable citizens of the country are facing greater challenges to safeguard their lives and livelihood during the pandemic, the survey found. Average decline in monthly savings of households is 64.6%. At least one member lost job or had to shut down business in 70.3% households and 68.2% rejoined works later, the data showed. Besides, 47.9% households took loans to tackle Covid-19 crisis from different sources. Of them, 56% loans were received from NGOs, 24.2% from money lenders and 3.4% from banks, according to the survey. The platform’s convener and also distinguished fellow of Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Debapriya Bhattacharya said all marginalised groups are yet to fully recover from the fall in income and expenditure. “The government distributed incentives and relief during the pandemic period last year [but] those were insufficient. There was even mismatching at distribution level,” he said. He said a large number of households are likely to fall in debt trap and lose their savings. Also read: Prices of daily essentials soar in kitchen markets Magrinalised groups need support CPD distinguished fellow Prof Mustafizur Rahman said the new surge in Covid-19 and subsequent restrictions are likely to pose new challenges for recovery of the marginalised groups. “These groups will need support to meet their recurrent expenditures, loan repayment and business restart investment. There’s a need for medium-term (at least three years) public policy support to the marginalised groups,” he added. Mustafizur said experiences and lessons of last one year should guide the design and implementation of future public support programmes for the pandemic affected marginalised groups. Utilising policy instruments The survey recommended the government to fully utilise the policy instruments at its disposal to support the distressed marginalised groups through cash transfer, food assistance, credit with easy terms, and targeted public works programme, among others. Economic package needs to be coupled with health-related and social cohesion promoting interventions. The government needs partnership of the NGOs/CBOs in tracing and delivering support inputs to the LNOBs and PNOBs. Putting together an integrated serviceable database is an urgent need. Also read: Prices in kitchen markets on the up ahead of Ramadan It suggested explicit fiscal allocation (under social safety net programmes and beyond) in the upcoming national budget. It said fiscal incentives for corporate and private donations for a Social Solidarity Fund for COVID-19 (based on public-private partnership and with real time digital reporting) may be considered. The lead researcher of the survey Towfiqul Islam Khan and senior analyst Estiaque Bari, among others, took part in the webinar.