Alcohol is increasingly being marketed across borders, with young people and heavy drinkers particularly targeted, according to a recent report by the UN health agency. The study shows how the digital revolution in marketing and promotion is being used to advertise alcohol across national borders, and in many cases regardless of social, economic, or cultural environments. Drinking alcohol is causally linked to an array of health problems, the World Health Organization (WHO) said, ranging from alcohol dependence and other mental and behavioural disorders to major non-communicable diseases such as liver cirrhosis, cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as injuries and deaths resulting from violence and road traffic accidents. Around 3 million people die each year worldwide as a result of the harmful use of alcohol – one every 10 seconds – nearly five percent of all deaths. Young people account for a disproportionate number of these alcohol-related deaths, with 13.5 percent of all deaths among people aged 20-39 being alcohol-related. "Alcohol robs young people, their families and societies of their lives and potential," said WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. "Yet despite the clear risks to health, controls on the marketing of alcohol are much weaker than for other psychoactive products. Better, well enforced and more consistent regulation of alcohol marketing would both save and improve young lives across the world." Read: Australian researchers make breakthrough in rare blood cancer treatment The WHO report highlights how recent changes in alcohol marketing have created new opportunities to reach audiences. The collection and analysis of data on users' habits and preferences by global internet providers have allowed alcohol marketers to target messages to specific groups across national borders. The study found that targeted advertising on social media is especially effective, and further bolstered by influencers and through sharing posts. One data source quoted in the report calculated that over 70 percent of media spending of leading alcohol marketers based in the US in 2019 was through promotions, product placement and online advertisements on social media. "The rising importance of digital media means that alcohol marketing has become increasingly cross-border," said Dag Rekve of the alcohol, drugs and addictive behaviours unit at the WHO. "This makes it more difficult for countries that are regulating alcohol marketing to effectively control it in their jurisdictions. More collaboration between countries in this area is needed." Alcohol companies are also sponsoring major sporting events at the global, regional and national levels, which, according to the report, can also significantly increase brand awareness among new audiences. They are also partnering with sports leagues and clubs to reach viewers and potential consumers in different parts of the world. Other opportunities include sponsorship of competitive gaming events or product placement in movies and serials streamed on international subscription channels. The report "Reducing the harm from alcohol – by regulating cross-border alcohol marketing, advertising and promotion" also examines how specific audiences are targeted, with particular concern for children and adolescents, women, and heavy drinkers. The WHO said studies have shown that starting to drink alcohol at a young age is a predictor of hazardous drinking in young adulthood and beyond. Read: Sleep Paralysis: Causes, Risks, Symptoms, Treatment and Ways of Prevention Marketers are also particularly targeting areas of the world with young and growing populations, such as Africa and Latin America. While men consume three-quarters of the alcohol that the world drinks, the lower rate among women also presents an opportunity for growth. Alcohol marketers often depict drinking by women as a symbol of empowerment and equality, according to the report. "Alcohol-dependent people frequently report a stronger urge to drink alcohol when confronted with alcohol-related cues, yet they rarely have an effective way to avoid exposure to the content of the advertising or promotion," the WHO said. The report recommends that comprehensive restrictions or bans on alcohol marketing, including its cross-border aspects, are integrated into public health strategies. It also calls for greater collaboration between countries. The WHO said although many governments have implemented some form of restrictions on alcohol marketing, they tend to be relatively weak. A 2018 study by the UN agency revealed that while most countries have some form of regulation for alcohol marketing in traditional media, almost half have no regulation that applies to the internet and social media. End/UNB/MA