Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya has said that Bangladesh is already caught in the middle-income trap due to the low productivity of its labour force across the industrial, agricultural and services sectors. He made the remarks during a roundtable titled ‘Bangladesh’s Aspiration to be a Middle-Income Country: Trajectory, Reality, and Perils’, held at the Foreign Service Academy in Dhaka on Tuesday. The event was organised by Diplomate World, the only diplomatic publication magazine in Bangladesh. “Changing a government does not necessarily mean a change in governance. Without addressing this culture, reforms will not yield any meaningful results,” Dr Debapriya pointed out. He said that the manufacturing sector remains overly dependent on the garment industry, underscoring the need for incentives to unlock the potential of other sectors, including jute, leather and IT, to achieve effective export diversification. Decline in Education Quality Dr Debapriya, head of the White Paper Drafting Committee and a distinguished fellow of the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), said that the quality of education in Bangladesh has deteriorated significantly. “The country allocates less than 2 percent of its GDP to education, one of the lowest rates among comparable economies.” Read: Bangladesh needs green growth to achieve its vision of upper middle-income country by 2031: WB Highlighting inefficiencies, he said that much of the education budget is absorbed by non-productive expenditures such as salaries, leaving a disproportionately small amount for actual development. “Rather than setting up universities in every district, improving the quality of primary education should be prioritised,” he emphasised. High Migration Costs and Corruption Dr Debapriya also addressed the high cost of migration for Bangladeshi workers, which is three times that of Nepal. “This is due to corruption. A syndicate is exploiting migrant workers, draining their earnings without offering any tangible benefits,” he said. Urbanisation Challenges Unplanned urbanisation and industrialisation have created significant challenges, particularly in traffic management, law and order and the delivery of quality public services, Debapriya  said. “These issues present another major hurdle for Bangladesh as it seeks to escape the middle-income trap,” he added. Read more: Over 80% of neurological deaths, health loss occur in low- and middle-income countries: Study Former diplomats, Foreign Service officials and academicians, among others, attended the event.