In 2021, scientists and engineers pushed the boundaries of technology in every field. There were several advancements in fields ranging from spaceflight to micro-robotics to artificial intelligence, providing a glimpse of a future in which mankind is a multi-planet species. Additionally, one that is biologically linked to intelligent devices. Let’s check out the most significant scientific and technological achievements in 2021. The Top 10 Science Breakthroughs of 2021 Quick Invention of Covid-19 Vaccine Although the development of the Covid-19 vaccinations began in 2020, they were not made available until 2021. Pfizer and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines were approved for emergency use in adults in December, and Johnson & Johnson's single-shot vaccine will be available in February 2021. Read HarmonyOS 2.0 Latest Update: What are Key Features and Improvements? Covid-19 vaccination is currently accessible for children as young as five years old. Prior to this, the quickest vaccine development-to-deployment timeline was four years for the Mumps vaccine in the 1960s. Quantification of Wave-particle Duality Tai Hyun Yoon and Minhaeng Cho of the South Korea; Xiaofeng Qian of the United States of America; and Girish Agarwal of Texas A&M University in the United States have quantified the "wave-ness" and "particle-ness" of a photon and demonstrated that both properties are related to the purity of the photon source. The discovery has implications for quantum information and offers a fresh spin on complementarity interpretations — the concept, popularized by twentieth-century quantum pioneer Niels Bohr, that quantum things act alternately as waves and as particles. Read Top 7 Statistical Software to Learn for Data Analysis in Research Works Innovative Particle Cooling Technology Two distinct pieces of research done in 2021 offered a novel approach to cool particles and antiparticles. The approaches might open the path for precise investigations probing the matter-antimatter imbalance in the cosmos. The ALPHA cooperation showed laser-cooling of antihydrogen atoms for the first time. To do this, the scientists devised a new sort of laser, which generates 121.6 nm laser pulses, to cool the antiatoms. They then measured a critical electronic transition in antihydrogen with exceptional accuracy, a development that might lead to enhanced studies of other important features of antimatter. The BASE researchers, meantime, revealed how to extract heat from a single proton using a superconducting circuit coupled to a cloud of laser-cooled ions several centimeters distant — a method, they think, that could readily be extended to antiprotons. Read Top free infographic tools and software SpaceX’s Landing Its Starship Rocket Although SpaceX had multiple spectacular failures when attempting to launch and land its prototype Starship rocket, this just added to the sweetness of the first successful attempt. According to SpaceX, the business intends to carry humans to the Moon and Mars through Starships. When completed, the Starship system will be 394 feet tall.