Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral infection that has grabbed global attention due to its increasing spread and impact on public health. This virus is part of the same family as smallpox but is generally less severe. Let’s explore the various ways mpox can be transmitted from one individual to another.

Direct Human-to-Human Transmission

Close or Intimate Contact

One of the primary ways mpox spreads is through close or intimate contact with an infected individual. The virus can be transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact with the rash, scabs, or bodily fluids of someone who has mpox.

This contact can occur during various forms of intimate activities, including sex, kissing, or hugging.

Pregnant individuals who contract mpox can also pass the virus to their fetus during pregnancy or to their newborn during and after birth. Additionally, prolonged face-to-face interactions, such as talking or breathing in close proximity to an infected person, can also facilitate the spread of the virus through respiratory secretions, including saliva, snot, and mucus.

Read more: What is Mpox? How does it affect people?

Touching Contaminated Objects and Surfaces

Another significant mode of transmission for mpox is through contact with objects, fabrics, and surfaces that have been contaminated by an infected person. This includes items like clothing, bedding, and towels that have not been properly disinfected.

The virus can survive on these surfaces for extended periods, making it easy for someone else to contract the virus by touching these contaminated items.

Respiratory Droplets

While close physical contact is the most common way mpox spreads, the virus can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets. During face-to-face interactions, especially over a prolonged period, the virus can be expelled into the air through coughing, sneezing, or even talking.

These droplets can then be inhaled by another person, leading to infection. However, it is important to note that the risk of transmission through respiratory droplets is lower compared to direct skin-to-skin contact.

Sexual Transmission

The mpox virus can be transmitted through sexual activity. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has had some cases where mpox transmission was linked with sexual contact, highlighting the importance of safe sexual practices in preventing the spread of mpox.

Read more: Mpox: Common Signs and Symptoms

Animal-to-Human Transmission

Contact with Infected Animals

Mpox is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. The virus is endemic in certain regions of West and Central Africa, where it is naturally found in small wild animals, including rodents and primates.

Humans can contract the virus through direct contact with these infected animals, their fluids, or waste. Activities such as hunting, trapping, or processing wild animals in these regions pose a higher risk of contracting mpox.

Pets and Domestic Animals

While it is less common, mpox can also spread from domestic animals to humans. Close contact with a pet that has been infected, such as petting, cuddling, kissing, or sharing sleeping spaces, can lead to the transmission of the virus. It is crucial for individuals who have contracted mpox to avoid contact with animals, including pets, to prevent the spread of the virus.

No Evidence of Waterborne Transmission

It is important to note that there is currently no evidence to suggest that mpox can spread through water in pools, hot tubs, or splash pads. The virus is killed at chlorine levels recommended for disinfection in recreational water venues.

Read more: Bangladeshi traveling from Qatar suspected of Mpox tests negative

Who is Most at Risk?

Vulnerable Populations

Certain groups of people are more susceptible to severe cases of mpox. They include young children, pregnant women, individuals with weakened immune systems, and those who have not been vaccinated against smallpox.

Young children, in particular, are at higher risk because their immune systems are still developing, and they may engage in close physical interactions that facilitate the spread of the virus. Additionally, poor nutrition, which is common in regions where mpox is endemic, can make it harder for children to fight off the disease.

Healthcare Workers and Family Members

Healthcare workers and family members who are in close contact with someone infected with mpox are also at higher risk. These individuals may come into contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets while caring for an infected person, increasing their chances of contracting the virus. Proper protective measures, including wearing gloves, masks, and practicing good hygiene, are essential for reducing the risk of transmission.

Prevention and Vaccination

Isolation and Hygiene

To prevent the spread of mpox, individuals who are infected should isolate themselves from others until all their lesions have healed, and a fresh layer of skin has formed. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is also crucial, especially if the virus is present in the community. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects can significantly reduce the risk of transmission.

Vaccination

Vaccines against mpox are available, but they are typically reserved for people at high risk, such as those who have been in close contact with an infected person. There is concern about the availability of vaccines, particularly in regions where the virus is endemic.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for increased access to vaccines. Vaccines for mpox are currently not available in Bangladesh. Experts recommend smallpox vaccines for mpox treatment as the clinical presentation of this virus is somewhat similar to that of smallpox.

Read more: Congo's humanitarian crisis helped mpox spiral again into a global health emergency

Conclusion

Mpox is a virus that spreads through close contact, contaminated objects, and animal-to-human transmission. Understanding the various ways in which the virus spreads is crucial for controlling outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations.

While the risk of transmission can be reduced through proper hygiene, isolation, and vaccination, global coordination and increased access to vaccines are essential for preventing the spread of mpox beyond affected regions. As scientists continue to study the virus, staying informed and taking preventive measures will be key to safeguarding public health.