The West Indies were 54-1 when the umpires decided the match, which had been shortened to 34 overs per side, could not continue. Evin Lewis was 40 not out and Shai Hope 6 not out.
Opener Chris Gayle, who began his 299th one-day international needing 11 runs to overtake Brian Lara as the West Indies' leading scorer in ODIs, was bowled by Kuldeep Yadav for 4.
Rain plagued the match and 14 overs had already been lost when the toss was made 90 minutes late. India captain Virat Kohli won the toss and chose to field because of the reduced number of overs and a fresh pitch.
Rain returned several times during the day, shortening the match further before it was finally abandoned just after 3 p.m.
"It's probably the worst thing in cricket, the stop-start game," Kohli said. "The more stops you have, the more you have to be careful about injuries on the field."
The second match of the three-match series will be played at Port of Spain, Trinidad, on Monday.